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Jean Messagier (Paris, 13 July 1920 – Montbéliard, 10 September 1999) was a French painter, sculptor, printmaker and poet. Jean Messagier had his first solo exhibition in Paris at Galerie Arc-en-Ciel in 1947.〔(L'Art du Visible, Messagier, Hantaï, Destarac, Château de Biron (French) )〕 From 1945 to 1949 the artist worked under the influence of Pablo Picasso, André Masson, Paul Klee and , his professor at École nationale supérieure des arts décoratifs in Paris.〔(Joconde, Portail des Collection Musée de France, Jean Messagier (French) )〕 Messagier again was revealed to the public at an exhibition organized by Charles Estienne at the Galerie de Babylone in 1952, entitled "''La Nouvelle École de Paris''" (The New School of Paris). The following year, Messagier deliberately broke away from his expressionistic form of Post-Cubism; his inspirations now focused on Jean Fautrier and Pierre Tal-Coat to develop a personal vision in which he renders "light...approached abstractly."〔 Jean Messagier is often associated with Lyrical abstraction, Tachisme, Nuagisme, Art informel and ''paysagisme abstrait'', though the artist himself had never accepted any labels, and had always refused the distinction between abstraction and figuration. From 1962 until the year of his death Jean Messagier exhibited in France and abroad, taking part in some major international events as a representative of new trends in French painting.〔(Artfact Jean Messagier Biography )〕 ==Life and career== Jean Messagier spent his childhood during the 1920s and 1930s between Paris and Franche-Comté, where he realized his first representational watercolors and drawings (1940); portraits and landscapes. He first exhibited his works in a group show at the ''Salon des Moins de Trente Ans'' in Paris (1941), before participating regularly in Parisian salons: ''Salon des Moins de Trente Ans'', Paris, 1941–51; ''Salon d'Automne'', 1947–52; ''Salon de Mai'', 1948–53; ''Jeune Gravure Contemporaine'', 1950; ''Young Painters of the Ecole de Paris'', Royal Scottish Academy, Edinburgh, 1952; ''Mostra dell'Incisione Francese Contemporanea'', Milan, 1953; Galerie L'Étoile scellée and Galerie Craven, Paris, 1953. Messagier would soon be represented at group exhibitions in Germany, Zurich, Florence, Brussels, London and the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York.〔(Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York, ''Younger European painters: a selection'', exhibition catalogue, 2 December 1953 - 21 February 1954 )〕 He would also participate in the Salon des Réalités Nouvelles, Salon Comparaisons, Peinture informelle (alongside Jean Fautrier, Hans Hartung, Jean-Paul Riopelle, Mark Tobey, Wols) and the Salon d’Octobre of which he was one of the founding members.〔(mchampetier, biographie Jean Messagier (French) )〕 Following his schooling at Large-Chênois in Montbeliard, Messagier moved to Paris.〔(Ro Gallery, Jean Messagier Biography )〕 At ''l'Ecole Nationale des Arts Décoratifs'' in Paris, his professors included Roland Oudot, Maurice Brianchon, Raymond Legueult and François Desnoyer. In parallel he studied with the poet Paul Valéry at the ''Collège de France''.〔 In 1943, at the age of 23, Jean Messagier held his first solo exhibition at the ''Château de Montbéliard''.〔 In 1944 Jean Messagier married the ceramicist Marcelle Baumann (also studying at ''Les Arts Déco''). In 1947 Messagier realized his first sculptures, exhibited at the Salon d'Automne in Paris and held a solo exhibit at the Galerie Arc-en-Ciel in Paris. After brief stays in Italy and Algeria the two had their first child, Matthew (later to become a poet) in 1949.〔Francette Messagier, ''Jean Messagier : Traces'', Néo Éditions, Besançon, 2006〕 Messagier then showed at the Galerie de Babylone in 1952 entitled "''La Nouvelle École de Paris''" (The New School of Paris), organized by Charles Etienne,〔(Joconde, Portail des Collection des Musée de France, Jean Messagier )〕 the art critic who would become the spokesman for the new lyrical and expressionist movement. Etienne recognized Messagier as a Robinson Crusoe of the Post-War movement.〔Dore Ashton, Messagier, Les Années 1950-1960, in Grand Palais, Galeries Nationales, Paris, 1981, exhibition catalogue, 13 Nov. 1981 - 11 Jan. 1982〕 Messagier co-founded the Salon d'Octobre in Paris and exhibited there in 1952 and 1953. In 1954 Marcelle gave birth to their second son, Thomas (who would become a taxidermist). At this time the family resided in the heart of Paris, 8 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie. In 1958 their third son, Simon, was born. By this time a new vocabulary had appeared in the press that described the new form of painting: ''art autre, art lyrique, tachiste, paysage abstrait, nouveau primitivisme, l'informel'' were the terms used. The gesture of painting itself became the creative act. Painting was no longer an activity oriented towards an aesthetic production. ''L'informel'' became the dominant expression of the times, not solely amongst the critics, poets and artists, but also among scientists and philosophers, such as Merleau-Ponty and Bachelard, and psychiatrists oriented toward phenomenology who used post-Freudian theory to speak of "paysage intérieur", the ''internal landscape'' of the personality. Painting (and drawing) for Messagier became the medium through which the universe spoke. Natural forms were observed and replaced by paintings within which the forces of nature could be experienced.〔 Between 1953 and 1956 Messagier refined his pictorial vocabulary to include a kind of symmetry, closer in spirit to W. Blake than to the constructivists. Defying the laws of gravity and seemingly outside of spacetime, his paintings of this period evoke a state of suspended animation, a dream-world as conceived by Mallarmé.〔 Allusive and dissolved forms that he painted so far gave way to vast indeterminate stretches of monochrome color, expressing Messagier's unswerving commitment to nature, air and light. Over the years his gesture became further loosened, reaching its apogee during the 1960s with wide and elegant "gyrations". These works resemble a network of loops or clouds (''nuages'') wrapping and mingling together tirelessly.〔 For Messagier, an artist had to be a social actor. In 1962, to inaugurate his new studio—located in an old mill next to "les Trois cantons" at the foot of the Charrot bridge that spans the Doubs river—Messagier organized his first massive party. Everyone from local government officials, artist friends from Paris (including Serge Poliakoff, the architect Jean-Louis Veret - a student Le Corbusier, Pierre Alechinsky), well-known gallery owners, dealers, collectors and construction workers (in brief, the entire population of village) were invited. Jean Messagier renewed that spirit as much as he could.〔 In 1962, Jean Messagier represented France at the 31st Venice Biennale alongside Alfred Manessier, Serge Poliakoff, Andrew Marfaing and James Guitet (with Jean-Paul Riopelle representing Canada, Kumi Sugai Japan, Alberto Giacometti Switzerland, Jan Müller and Louise Nevelson the United States). The same year, Jean Messagier and Pierre Alechinsky, who first met in 1953, painted a canvas together embellished with phrases written by the art critic Charles Estienne.〔 Between 1963 and 1965 Messagier made grass sculptures, snow drawings and won a medal for his entry in ''Pour un été, La Monnaie de Paris''. In the 8th São Paulo Art Biennial Messagier represented France along with four other artists. The following year Messagier created an annual shooting competition, and became a full member of the ''Comité National de la Gravure Française''. In 1967 he participated in the release of a series of artistic postal stamps〔(Jean Messagier postal stamps )〕 and co-created a fresco for the Salon de Mai in Paris. He was awarded ''Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et Lettres'' and in 1978 exhibited in the 7th Alexandria Biennale for Mediterranean Countries.〔 May 1968 in France introduced a partial return to representation in the work of Jean Messagier.〔 His landscapes were reduced to a point where only a trace of gesture remained. This spontaneous passage would replace the depth of field, while the dynamic imprint of the brushstrokes, turbulent and interlacing, move across the canvas in vast convolutions.〔(L'Art Abstrait, Le Paysagisme Abstrait, Jean Messagier, Olivier Debré, Jean-Paul Riopelle, James Guitet, Zao Wou Ki, Friedensreich Hundertwasser )〕 Titles, often inscribed directly into the painted surface, are a fundamental aspect of Messagier's paintings. The title becomes part of the work, opening the viewers imagination to the pleasure the artist wishes to share.〔Yves-Loïck Girard, ''Le Grand Cortège de Jean Messagier'', Association des Conservateurs des Musées de Franche-Compté, Paris Art Center, 1987〕 The term ''paysagisme abstrait'' (literally, abstract landscapism) could be reserved for a process where the artist senses and tries to capture the 'rhythms' of a landscape. This concept of rhythm is explicitly mentioned by a number of painters in addition to Messagier; Jean René Bazaine, Raoul Ubac and Zao Wou Ki. The rhythm of the landscape is experienced by the artist and expressed by the gesture; something the viewer in turn would experience as ''sensation''. The landscape in this case is a direct source of inspiration. It must be felt.〔(Michèle Pichon, ''Quand le peintre rêve les éléments : Approche bachelardienne de l’Abstraction naturaliste'', Conférence prononçée le 20 octobre 2006 au sein du Groupe d'Études et de Recherches Épistémologiques, Paris (French) )〕 During the winter of 1969 Messagier elaborated a technique he called ''"le Gel"''〔(Alexandre Rolla, ''Les gels de Jean Messagier et les tâches d’Alexander Cozens : la conviction de la nature, l’incertitude du paysage'', Philosophique, 14 | 2011. Les Annales Littéraires de L'Université de Franche-Comté (ALUFC) : Esthétique n°2 )〕 in an effort to perfect a certain number of compositions whereby nature itself (e.g., temperature, hydrometry, condensation, and decomposition) would intervene in the creative process.〔Gabriel Kueny, ''Le Grand Cortège de Jean Messagier'', Association des Conservateurs des Musées de Franche-Compté, Paris Art Center, 1987〕 These paintings were realized outside of his studio at the ''Moulin de Lougres'' between two streams, where the calm of the land was superimposed with the turbulent current of the water and air. For Messagier the process was equivalent to sculpting air, and the works became replicas of air itself influenced by liquid. Both solid and liquid would intermingle, one born from the other. His goal had been the reconciliation between art and life, between man and nature. Both abstraction and figuration could play a role. This was not the pitting of human nature against nature itself, but the fusion of the two.〔〔Henri Beulay, ''Dans la nature des choses'', La dépêche du midi, 15 March 1989, cited in Francette Messagier, op. cit., p. 120.〕 From the early 1950s Messagier had put into question the utility of debating the concepts of abstraction and figuration. Now both had been surpassed.〔〔Claude Rivière, ''Le sentiment de la nature chez Messagier'', Combat, 21 November 1960, cited in Francette Messagier, op. cit., p. 48.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Jean Messagier」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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